Javanese language is one of the most important languages in Indonesia. It is spoken by more than 80 million people or about 40 percent from total Indonesian population (Oglobin, 2005). The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and therefore it’s related to Indonesian and Malay varieties. Many of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians. This language is spoken in Central and East Java, as well as on the north coast of West Java. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, Javanese was also used as a literary language. It was the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra, until their palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century.
The Javanese language has a very high value of literature, structure and a complicated grammar. It is not easy to apply it, especially for the common people. It is different with English, where the use of Javanese language is not depend on the time, whether it is past or future, as much the English that has tenses so that it can be easily to learn, but it depends on the social acceptability and age of the person.
The popularity of the Javanese language makes the foreign linguist or the linguistic experts are interested to explore the unique of the Javanese language. They study this language by many ways, whether they want to learn this language directly or by studying the music instrument (such as gamelan) at first. It is shows that the foreigners have admitted the priceless treasure from the Javanese language.
The standard dialect of Javanese is which based on the dialect of jawa tengah, especially the surrounding of Surakarta and Yogyakarta. There are some of the Javanese grammar, jawa karma and jawa karma inggil.
II. JAWA NGOKO
The style of this Javanese language is used when we are talking with person in the same age or with person we have known before. Generally this type of Javanese language is spoken by the common people in order to make the conversation closer each other. We will be regard as disrespect when we are talking with stranger by using jawa ngoko. So it is better not to use ngoko when we are talking to the stranger.
The use of this style of Javanese language is depend on the environment where the individual growing. The family where each of the individual use ngoko is often regarded has no respect to other person. Here is the example :
Ponirah lagi omong-omongan karo Rahayu, kancane.
Ponirah : Mbakyune Beja kae pira ta?
Rahayu : Loro.
Ponirah : O ... Beja anak nomer telu ta?
Rahayu : Dudu. Dheweke anak nomer papat .
Ponirah : Yagene?
Rahayu : Dheweke duwe kangmas siji .
The conversation above is done by a two close friends. The vocabulary is using the
numeral sign.
loro : two
telu : three
papat : four
siji : one
Beside that, grammatically ngoko is marked by affix di-, -e- ake, dak-, -ku, kok, and –mu. Ngoko dialect is more dominant and popular than the other dialect of Javanese language, especially kromo.
Actually ngoko can be classified again into some dialect; generally there are ngoko alus and ngoko lugu, it depends on the region of the place where this language is spoken. For example: 1. Adhi mangan sego.
mangan can be replaced by madhang or nguntal (very rude)
2. Kowe wis nggarap PR durung?
Kowe can be replaced by sampeyan (this Javanese pronoun is often use in suroboyo style, and rarely used in jogja style)
III. JAWA KROMO (KRAMA)
This Javanese language style is known as the highest rank, especially in krama inggil . Krama dialect is identically with the noble person in the Javanese palace, where the environment always keeps the politeness tradition by using this dialect.
The common people use krama when they are talking to the older person, or when we are talking to person who has higher position in office or institute. When a child cannot talk using karma to older person, people often said “bocah kok ra ngerti tata karma”. The krama dialect often use in Jogjakarta and Surakarta, in East Java they don’t apply this dialect. Krama biasa(K) and krama inggil(Ki) are depended on the person’s understanding when they use it. For example: 1. Adhi nedha sego.
nedha (K) can be replaced by dhahar when we are talking to our parent or with older age person.
2. Kulo badhe kesah teng sekolahan.
kesah (K) can be replaced by tindak (Ki).
krama dialect can be identified always using affix dipun-, -ipun –aken. Here is the example of conversation:
Wage lagi omong-omongan karo wong sing lungguh ing jejere ing bis.
Wage : Panjenengan gadhah putra pinten?
Beja : Anak kula gangsal . Kakung setunggal , estri sekawan .
Wage : Ingkang mbarep sampun kelas pinten?
Beja : Samenika kelas tiga SMA.
The conversation is done by two older men, talking about their children. The bold type is numeral vocabulary.
gangsal : five
setunggal : one
sekawan : four
tiga : three
The politeness level in Javanese is often identified with how good a person using krama dialect. We can mix K and Ki, depends on with whom we are talking to.
Now days, almost teenager can not speak with karma, they regard it as too formal, and cannot talking more closer when they have use krama to talk each other.
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE
Long time ago, the traditional age, the use of Javanese language is very notified by all society. It is very different now, the use of Indonesia as the main language also one of the factors. People prefer to use bahasa Indonesia than Javanese to show to other that they come form the modern city. The other factor is that the teenager not concern with the Javanese culture, they prefer to play rock music, jazz music and other western culture than to play gamelan or singing macapat.
V. CONCLUSION
There should be all people, especially from Javanese, giving a lot of attention about the Javanese language. It can starts from the family first, where the parents should teach their children correctly about this language. The local government also take the role to save this language from endangered.
Source :
Oglobin, Alexander K.
2005 “Javanese” dalam Alexander Adeelaar dan Nikolaus P. Himmelmann (ed.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge Language Family Series.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language
http://aneazt.dagdigdug.com/2010/01/18/budaya-berbahasa-jawa-kian-memudar/
http://msmulya.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/generasi-muda-dan-unggah-ungguh-bahasa-jawa/
Javanese Grammar For Students (Monash Papers on Southeast Asia)
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